《The Economist》《经济学人》中文版

[2007.06.21]Carmaking in Central Europe

[2007.06.21][Business]Carmaking in Central Europe  

Carmaking in central Europe 汽车制造在中欧
Vroom 析期望值

Jun 21st 2007 | BRATISLAVA AND PRAGUE
From The Economist print edition
翻译：若诺

Skoda jokes look passé as carmakers pile into a new production hotspot
玩笑成真，斯柯达旧址成汽车生产商新宠

CARS have been built in the Czech Republic for more than 100 years, ever since Vaclav Laurin and Vaclav Klement switched from making bicycles to producing four-wheeled vehicles. Laurin & Klement is now better known as Skoda, but the duo's manufacturing base remains in Mlada Boleslav, at the heart of a region that is fast becoming a new carmaking powerhouse. Total production last year in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Poland, Hungary and Romania was 2.4m vehicles—more than Britain (1.6m) and just behind Spain (2.8m).

自从机械师Vaclav Laurin和商人Vaclav Klement由制造自行车转行生产汽车至今，捷克的汽车制造已经有超过百年的历史了。Laurin&Klement公司以斯柯达汽车闻名，这对 完美拍档的制造基地仍然设在以捷克的Mlada Boleslav，一个新的汽车制造厂房区域的中心地带。去年，捷克，斯洛伐克，斯洛文尼亚，波兰，匈牙利和罗马尼亚的汽车总产量（2，400，000） 仅次于西班牙（2，800，000）超过了英国（1，600，000）。

The dominant producer in the region is the Czech Republic, where production has increased from 450,000 in 2004 to 850,000 in 2006, overtaking Poland. But it may in turn be overhauled by Slovakia, which produced 295,000 cars in 2006, and whose fortunes have been boosted by the arrival of Kia, a South Korean carmaker, joining PSA Peugeot Citroën and Volkswagen. Indeed, it is thought that Slovakia, with a population of 5.4m, could become the world's leading carmaking country measured in output per capita. Kia's greenfield factory in Zilina, which started operating at the end of 2006, has the capacity to produce 300,000 cars a year. Peugeot's factory has a similar capacity. And Volkswagen, which builds SUVs in Slovakia for export, produced 238,000 cars last year.

捷克作为这个汽车制造区域的主导生产商，2006年其汽车生产量超过了波兰，从2004年450，000辆增加到850，000辆。不过它的产量可能被斯 洛伐克赶上，斯洛伐克2006年生产了295，000辆汽车， 并且由于韩国起亚（kia）的进入，再加上法国雪铁龙（PSA Peugeot Citroën）和大众（Volkswagen），其汽车行业的总资产大幅飙升。的确，拥有5，400，000人口的斯洛伐克，以人均七成出口量指数衡量 的话带有5.4米的人口，如果以人均产量衡量能成为世界领先的汽车制造国家。  起亚的远郊工厂建在斯洛伐克的日利纳（Zilina），这个年生产力为 300，000辆汽车的工厂将在2006开始运作。雪铁龙工厂也有相似的生产能力。而在斯洛伐克生产SUVs用以出口的大众去年产量达238，000辆。

All this has attracted a new wave of international suppliers. Many South Korean firms have followed Kia to Slovakia and will soon start to supply its parent company, Hyundai, which has just started building a building a 1 billion euro ($1.3 billion) new factory over the border in the Czech Republic, due to open in October 2008. (Hyundai and Kia have done something similar in America, positioning their supplier base between their two manufacturing sites.) The Czech government, which has provided around 200m euro in incentives, hopes this will create a total of 12,000 new jobs in a region with high unemployment. A joint venture between Toyota and Peugeot, which got going in the country two years ago, created 3,000 jobs and now makes 300,000 cars a year, 99% of them for export.

所有这些已经引起国际汽车供应商对这个新兴汽车制造区域的浓厚兴趣。很多韩国公司已经紧随起亚进驻斯洛伐克， 并且不久将在斯洛伐克设立它的母公司。韩国现代汽车刚开始动工的捷克边境10亿欧元(13亿美元)新工厂计划于2008年10月开始使用。 (现代和起亚在美国做过类似项目，在他们的两个生产场所之间建造他们的供应基地.)  捷克政府已经提供2亿左右欧元激励这种举措，寄望能能在这个高失业 率的地区创造总约12，000个新的就业机会。丰田和雪铁龙的合资公司是在两年前进入捷克创造了3，000 个就业机会，目前每年生产的300，000辆汽车中99%用以出口。

Central Europe is an attractive place to build cars for many reasons. Labour costs are lower than elsewhere in Europe, many countries now have established car-parts industries, and Japanese and South Korean firms value the proximity to western European customers. “If we try and do everything from South Korea, we cannot know what exactly European customers want,” says Bae In-Kyu, the boss of Kia's Slovakian plant. Making cars in Slovakia also cuts delivery times and sidesteps import taxes.

中欧具有很多理由成为一个理想的汽车制造地。中欧具有欧洲最低廉的劳动力， 很多中欧国家已经建设了汽车零件工业，而且中欧和西欧用户对日本和韩国公司的估价接近。起亚斯洛伐克工厂老板Bae In-Kyu 说：“如果我们只是在韩国闭门造车，我们并不能确切了解什么是欧洲客户最想要的”。同时，在斯洛伐克生产汽车也削减了运输成本并规避了进口关税。

But it is not all good news, warns Marcel Brouiller of Renault. Recruiting staff is getting harder, and infrastructure in the region is under strain. Most of the roads that serve Renault's plant in Novo Mesto, 40 miles east of Ljubljana, are only single carriageways. Even so, Laurin and Klement would surely be delighted that their legacy lives on.
但是这并非全部是好消息，雷诺汽车的Marcel Brouiller 警告说：：“招募员工变得越难，这个区域的基础设施使用过度。  大多数服务于布鲁克雅那（Ljubljana）以东40英里设立于Novo Mesto雷诺工厂的道路，都只是单行车道。即使如此，Laurin和Klement 将肯定很高兴我们仍然依靠他们的遗产生存。


Vroom:
Victor Vroom的期望理论（Expectancy Theory）的研究范畴是动机与管理。
      Vroom的理论假定，人类的行为总是从各种可能方案中进行有意识选择的结果， 选择的目的就是为了最大化快乐、最小化痛楚。